Traveling Companions, How to Create Characters Who Live and Breathe

*The following is a chapter excerpt from my book Roadmap For Writers and expounds on the use of the character chart shown in an earlier blog post.  Many of my Creative Writing students found it useful for fleshing out the characters in their stories.  For major characters, I often write several paragraphs or more about each item in the character chart. Write as much or as little as works to make your characters real. 

Traveling Companions

You’ve thumbed the travel brochures, picked a vacation spot.  The bags are packed.  The car is filled with gas.  You’re ready to go.  But do you really want to travel alone?  Consider asking a friend along.  Good traveling companions make a trip more fun.

In writing a snippet of conversation overheard, an article you’ve read, an experience you’ve had or any of a hundred other events triggers a spark in your head.  You’re excited and eager to plunge into chapter one or to start plotting an outline.  But do you really want to travel alone?  Consider asking your protagonist along from the start.  Good characters make a story worth reading.

In a sense the reader and the protagonist share the same seat in your story.  The idea that got you going has to be an integral part of your protagonist’s existence.  Plug your idea into your protagonist’s makeup right from the start.  You’ll be well on the way to creating a character readers can identify with and a story they can’t put down.  One of the best ways to do this is to make an extensive character chart early in the process of writing a book or short story.  Think of your chart not simply as a police report that covers primarily physical characteristics and whereabouts, but rather as a complete psychological workup that includes every facet of the character’s personality and life.

Think about characters who live on in your memory.  Scarlett O’Hara.  Luke Skywalker.  Indiana Jones.  Captain Jack Sparrow.  Katniss Everdeen.  What makes him or her endure?  Capture those traits and you have a character who lives for the reader.  The key word is live.  Any character, particularly the protagonist in your story, must have a life.  This includes a past, a family, friends, opinions, goals, fears, all the components of being a living person has.

You, the writer, must know your protagonist as well as you do your brother or sister or best friend.  You’ve got to be on speaking terms with all your characters.  You must know secondary characters as well as you do your neighbors, the guy in the next office, the stylist who cuts your hair.  Otherwise your characters are merely mouthpieces for the narrator — that’s you.

A major character must be extraordinary in some way.  If you attend a party where there are fifty guests, this is the one you would tell everyone about afterwards.  Imagine what you would have noticed about this person:

Appearance

  • Behavior or Action
  • Conversation or Dialogue
  • Thoughts, introspection (He’s your character now so you can get into his head.)

These are the same traits that make a character believable and worth knowing.    Be sure to give your major character some quirks and faults.  Extraordinary doesn’t mean perfect.  You want your character to have a reason for not doing everything right.

The following character chart had been useful to many writers.  It guides you to include physical, emotional, psychological and social traits as you develop characters.  It also includes several components essential to developing a successful plot.  A thorough workup on a major character can take three or more single spaced pages.  Secondary characters may require only a paragraph or two.  Walk-on characters can be covered with a couple of sentences.

Suggestions and examples for making the chart more effective are included below.  (Most excerpts and examples are from Devil Moon, a Western romance.  My idea was a stage line run by a woman.  I knew I wanted to set it in Arizona.  That’s all I knew.  My heroine-protagonist gave me the rest.)

Meet your protagonist in the character chart.  Plug in your story idea.   Use the chart in any way that works for you.  Use part of it, all of it, expand it.  It’s your tire tool now.

Character Chart

  • Name:  A name should tell something about the character, so choose carefully.  The reason a name was chosen can also be important.  (He was called T.J. Benton after an uncle who had been hung for rustling.  /  Her father was Theodore Timothy Gamble.  She was called Theodora after him.  Her twin brother was called Timothy.)
  • Age/Height/Weight/Sex:  More than numbers and letters here.  Include shape and appearance and the way the character feels about his or her size.  (Theodora has an hourglass figure that owes its shapeliness to heredity rather than the confines of corsets which she despises.)
  • Birthdate and birthplace:  Both these can have more significance to the story than the details on a birth certificate and can factor into the character’s personality.  Was he born on Friday the thirteenth?  Or in a leap year?  (She was born beneath a tree on the banks of the Savannah River on the hottest summer day of 1785.)  note:  A book of  astrological signs can be an excellent resource for character development.
  • Hair color/Eye color:  Create description that can be used in the text of your story.  Remember these features can be telling details about a character’s personality.  (Teddy’s hair is the color of taffy candy, brown-streaked with sun-lightened strands.  It is long, silky and straight and is her one vanity.)
  • Mannerisms, gestures, expressions, sound of voice:   Assigning a character a dominant impression, labeling, is an important part of character creation.  Give your character a distinctive tag or trait.  Assign two or three to a major character.  You will use these throughout the story for anchoring with the character.  These can include a pattern of speech, an accent, pet expressions, a way of drumming the fingers, a favorite item.  Katniss has her bow.  Indiana Jones had his whip and fedora.  James Bond his martini, shaken not stirred.
  • Scars or handicaps  (physical, mental or emotional):  Include childhood experiences, traumas.  (Teddy’s twin brother drowned at age ten.  Fifteen years later Teddy still blames herself for the accident that cost his life.  Her grandmother believes her continued tomboyishness is her way of making up to her father the loss of his only son.)
  • Educational and work background:  Account for skills or the lack of them.  (Teddy endured her grandmother’s teaching.  She did embroidery, learned French, and curtsies but only because it was required of her before she could mount her pony and spend the remainder of the day riding the range.)
  • Family members and family background:  Include siblings and parents and other influential persons in the extended family.
  • Description of home (physical, mental & emotional atmosphere):  (Teddy’s grandmother was nurturing.  Her father was loving and kind but he was never able to hide his belief that a family’s heritage passed through the male heir.)  
  • Financial status & feelings about it:  (During his father’s illness his older half-brothers began to spend and waste the family fortune, diminishing all assets.  Rhys left his family home penniless and embittered.) 
  • Friends/best friend/romantic interest:  The friends a character chooses tell a lot about him.  A best friend can make an excellent supporting character and supply backstory throughout the book.
  • Enemies and why:  A story is about characters in conflict so give your protagonist enemies and give the enemies a reason to be.  (Teddy inherited her father’s enemies along with his stage line.  Top among them is Parrish Adams.  His rival line will go under if Teddy stays in business.)
  • Personality type/self-image/attitude:  Is your protagonist a loner or leader, cheerful or brooding?  What does she think of herself?  What’s his attitude about life?(Teddy is a no-holds-barred woman who thinks nothing of walking into a saloon and having a drink with the men while she smokes a cheroot.  She has a quick temper, another defense against being a woman.  Teddy subconsciously feels half of her is missing and tends to believe others see her that way.) 
  • As seen by others:  Including the views of friends, enemies and minor characters can offer insight into the character and his motivations.
  • Ambition/Philosophy/Code of ethics/Religion/Values:  These are the traits that determine how a character will act and react in given situations.  They are the core of the character.  Be wary of violating them by having the character act or react in a way contrary to what you have established as his basic nature.  (Teddy’s ambition is to do what she believes her father would have wanted her brother to do.  At this she is driven.  To fail would be unthinkable.)
  • Hobbies & pastimes; music, art & reading material preferred:  An unusual hobby can make an interesting tag.  Generally these make up the softer side of a character, the rounding out.  They may also supply links for subplots and interplay with other characters. (Edward Cullen collected cars, played piano and kept a journal.)
  • Habits:  Routine and predictable patterns of behavior can be areas of vulnerability for a character.
  • Favorite color/foods:  Is he turned on by red?  Is her bedroom painted black?  Has he got a favorite beer?
  • Clothing choices & why: Clothes make the man or woman.  More significant in some types of fiction than others but useful in helping the reader visualize the character. (Teddy wears pants or shirts in beige or gray and a man’s style jacket or long duster coat.  Her grandmother reluctantly makes her garments.)
  • Worldliness or lack of it:  (Rhys has had all the worldly experiences of high society decadent living.  He is a man who has been influenced by outside forces and allowed them to shape his destiny until he found the reserve of power within him.) 
  • Romantic experience:  Relationships help define a character’s expectations from others.  (The men in town treat Teddy as one of the boys.) 
  • Traits admired in others – men/women:  (Teddy admires men who know what they want and are willing to work hard for it.  /  Rhys has always admired people who have the courage to stand up for what they believe in.  This is what he sees in the West and what he wants for himself.)
  • Positive & negative traits in self & feelings about:  Here’s the place for quirks and faults.  (Teddy’s strongest traits are her courage and determination to succeed where by any standard she is out of her element as a woman doing a man’s work.  Her weakest trait is her refusal to acknowledge the woman within her.)
  • Traits that make this character memorable:  What makes a character live for readers long after the book is read?  (Rhys will be remembered for the way he teases Teddy and for his determination to prove to Teddy and to himself that he is a man of substance.)
  • Fears:  These are the stumbling blocks that hinder the protagonist from achieving his goals. (Teddy fears failure and is afraid to acknowledge the woman within her.)
  • Goals:  In the context of your story, what does the protagonist want to accomplish?  What does she believe in or care about?  What will make him take risks?
  • Present problem or crisis — external & internal:  What is the character on the brink of doing?  What is about to happen that will upset life as your protagonist knows it?  (Teddy’s external problem is battling a diabolical rival to keep her stage line running and dealing with an unwanted partner.  Her internal problem is coming to terms with her brother’s death and overcoming her denial of her womanhood.) 
  • Complications:  Complications make conflict and conflict makes a good story.  Give your protagonist plenty of problems.  (Teddy deals with a lack of money, holdups, her unwanted partner, a kidnapping, a flood and a pregnancy.) 
  • Growth & change in character:  At a basic level this is what your story is about.  Your protagonist must be different at the end of the story than he or she was at the beginning.  (Teddy grows by confronting her demons and by trusting someone other than herself.  Only then does she truly have anything to give to another.) 
  • One line characterization:  Get a handle on your characters.  (Teddy Gamble is energy and ambition, a woman no man would forget but a stranger to herself until love unlocks the secret self within her.  /Rhys Delmar is a man forged by the West into one of its finest and strongest, a man both tender and formidable, a man to love.) 

            There you have it.  Do this for all major characters and as is needed for others.  You’ll have the basis of your plot when you’re finished.  You’ll have most of the major action.  You can quickly outline the rest of your story.              

Character Chart

  • Name
  • Age/Height/Weight/Sex
  • Birthdate and birthplace
  • Hair color/Eye color
  • Mannerisms, gestures, expressions, sound of voice
  • Scars or handicaps (physical, mental or emotional)
  • Educational and work background
  • Family members and family background
  • Description of home (physical, mental & emotional atmosphere)
  • Financial status & feelings about it
  • Friends/best friend/romantic interest
  • Enemies and why
  • Personality type/self-image/attitude
  • As seen by others
  • Ambition/Philosophy/Code of ethics/Religion/Values
  • Hobbies & pastimes; music, art & reading material preferred
  • Habits
  • Favorite color/foods
  • Clothing choices & why
  • Worldliness or lack of it
  • Romantic experience
  • Traits admired in others – men/women
  • Positive & negative traits in self & feelings about
  • Traits that make this character memorable
  • Fears
  • Goals
  • Present problem or crisis — internal & external
  • Complications
  • Growth & change in character
  • One line characterization

Writing Tips: Naming Your Characters

Names are delicious to me.  I love how the sound and meanings of them filter through my mind and how they immediately give an image of the person they fit.  Naming my own children was such a lovely, slow process.  How to pick from all the wonderful choices and the phonetic combinations and to avoid the pitfalls of names easily tuned up with silly associations or nicknames a child might not wish to carry for a lifetime was the challenge.

My children number two, hardly enough to satisfy my desire to use the dozens more names on my list.  Happily, my offspring are satisfied with their monikers and I found another way to satisfy my naming fetish.

I name characters.  Sometimes a dozen or two in a book.  It is great fun and a careful process.  I admit that most of the time my protagonists show up in my head and introduce themselves.  They do, however, willingly submit to name changes, if need be, or the addition of a surname.

Roman, the hero in Dark Splendor and Dark Prelude, needed a surname and a name for his brother.  They became Roman and Morgan Toller, names which seemed appropriate for strong, virile, colonial era men of German descent.

Silvia Bradstreet, heroine of the same books, needed a surname that was not aristocratic and which told of her British heritage.

Amanda Fairfax hints at the sweetness and beauty of the heroine of  Whispers at Midnight, another colonial era romance.

In Whispers At Midnight, hero Ryne Sullivan has a brother named Gardner.  It is easy to tell who is the more steadfast of the two.

Switching to Westerns, I chose Tabor Stanton as the handle for the hero in Delilah’s Flame, an uncommon name for an uncommon man of the west.

Which he had to be to contend with the heroine, Lilah Damon, a soft-hearted woman with a duplicitous nature.  Her alias is Delilah.

There are scores more names in each of my books.  I strive to make each choice distinctive and a good fit for the character and the story and the genre.  Names imply much about personality and station in life for characters.  I rarely use names of my friends and family, but occasionally I sneak one in.

I’m sure most readers would agree the names of characters add a special dimension to a story and a carefully chosen name can make a character more real and memorable.

For tips on how to choose names for your characters, read “Name That Character”, my guest blog post on Writers Unite.  Thanks to Writers Unite for featuring me and for the terrific support they give writers.

How to Write Vivid Characters Using a Character Chart

The first rejection letter I received labeled my characters cardboard. And cardboard they were, so one-dimensional a sigh could have blown them over.  I quickly learned to flesh out characters in the planning stage of a book and to give them far more dimension than would ever appear in the book.

One of my favorite tools for developing characters is the chart I put together for myself a couple of decades ago.  It is simple and flexible and can be used for primary and secondary characters. My completed charts can be five to ten pages each for the hero and heroine and shorter for important secondary characters.

One of the bonuses of using my chart or a similar one is that once completed, you have the internal and external conflicts established and the goals and motivations for the major characters. With so much of the background determined, it is easy to get busy writing the action.

There are many variations of the character chart and they can be tweaked to fit the type of book you are writing. I generally add a few lines of dialogue to show the manner of speaking each character will use.  If you aren’t working with a character chart, give it a try. Be specific  and thorough on each point, start to develop the mood and tone of the book at this stage, add some descriptive lines you will use later. Your characters will live and you will know them better than your best friend.

If you find this chart helpful, let me know.  If you have some tips to share or have a particular challenge in developing characters, please post your comments.  Let’s stamp out cardboard characters.

Character Chart

1. Name

2. Age

3. Height

4. Weight

5. Birth date

6. Birthplace

7. Hair – color

8. Eye – color

9. Unique mannerisms, gestures, expressions, sound of voice.

10. Scars or handicaps (physical, mental or emotional)

11. Educational background.

12. Work background.

13. Best friend; other friends, men/women.

14. Enemies and why.

15. Parents/siblings & relationship.

16. Present problem or crisis.

17. Complications

18. Strongest and weakest character traits.

19. Self image.

20. As seen by others.

21. Sense of humor and kind.

22. Basic nature.

23. Ambitions

24. Philosophy of life.

25. Hobbies

26. Music, art and reading material preferred.

27. Dress

28. Favorite colors.

29. Pastimes

30. Description of home (physical, mental and emotional atmosphere).

31. Most important thing to know about character.

32. What trait will make character live and why?

33. Why is character worth writing about?

34. Why is he/she different from other (similar) characters?

35. Why do I like/dislike this character?

36. Why will readers like/dislike this character?

37. Why will this character be remembered?

38. What does he/she admire in women/men?

39. What quality does hero/heroine react to most?

40. How does character react in extreme circumstances? (guilt, rage,fear,doubt,pride)

41. How does character sees his/her own faults?

42. How character grows.

43. How faults change.

44. Is character self-contained or influenced by outside forces?

45. How character has been educated in worldly things.

46. Character’s experience with men/women.

47. Financial status.

48. Feelings about wealth or lack of it.

49. If not major character, how does he/she advance the plot?

50. One line description.

Writing Your Life

Fiction is my forte, but when I taught Creative Writing, many of my students wanted to write life stories about their own lives or those of a family member or friend whose life they wanted to honor.

Excavating personal history is not so different than researching for a historical novel, so I put together courses for Writing Your Life and for Journaling.  If you are a journaler, you’re going to make life much easier for someone to write your life story or for yourself when you tackle the job one day.

Helping my students develop the craft and skills for writing personal stories was the easy part.  The barrier they met was getting their work published.  Meaningful events and people in our lives may not have the wide appeal publishers are looking for in memoirs, biographies or autobiographies.  Those doing shorter pieces met the same barrier with periodical publishers for their essays and profiles.  If these devoted writers and chroniclers wanted more than spiral bound copies of their work and could not afford self-publishing costs with hard or soft bindings, they were out of luck.

Not so today.  Epublishing sites like Smashwords.com offers writers of family histories, personal stories short or long, the opportunity to make their precious memories available to friends, relatives and others with wide distribution in ebook form and the choice of also offering print on demand.

If you have always wanted to preserve or share a family history or transmit your cultural heritage to younger generations, start interviewing your elders or writing down your own memories.  Include family legends and family folklore.  Smart phone apps and digital recorders can make that task easier and some even put your words directly into a print file.

If technology mystifies you, draft a son, daughter, grandchild or friend into scanning your work into a Word file.  Gather photographs and copies of any documents you might want to include in your book and note where they belong in the account you are writing.

12 tips for  writing a personal story:

  1. Decide on the person or event to write about.
  2. Decide on the format and whether to do a factual account or reminiscence.
  3. Collect photographs and documents to include.
  4. Decide what point of view to use to capture the essence of the person you are writing about.
  5. Outline the book or piece and write a fast first draft.
  6. Research supporting details and re-interview if needed.
  7. Revise and add dialogue, humor when called for, and accurate setting descriptions to make the story live.
  8. Have the subject read and check for accuracy and a qualified editor check the manuscript for needed edits.
  9. Design or have designed an appropriate cover.
  10. Write a long and a short description of your book.
  11. Format according to the publishing venue you have chosen.
  12. Upload to the epublisher according to guidelines.

Spread the word! Family members and others will treasure your work in years to come.